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Highlights

Structuring organizations in this way is useful partly because it can reduce the communication overhead by limiting information flow. (View Highlight)

A conventional view ascribes the growth of hierarchical social habits and structures to increased complexity;[2] the religious syncretism[3] and issues of tax-gathering[4] in expanding empires played a role here. (View Highlight)

David Andrews’ book The IRG Solution: Hierarchical Incompetence and how to Overcome it argued that hierarchies were inherently incompetent, and were only able to function due to large amounts of informal lateral communication fostered by private informal networks (View Highlight)

Holocracy

Heterarchy, the most commonly proposed alternative to hierarchy (View Highlight)

Matrix organizations became a trend (or management fad) in the second half of the 20th century.[6] (View Highlight)