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By default, Elasticsearch indexes all data in every field and each indexed field has a dedicated, optimized data structure. For example, text fields are stored in inverted indices, and numeric and geo fields are stored in BKD trees. The ability to use the per-field data structures to assemble and return search results is what makes Elasticsearch so fast. (View Highlight)

you might want to index a string field as both a text field for full-text search and as a keyword field for sorting or aggregating your dat (View Highlight)